Tai
Tokerau Sustainable Development Research Group
Contents
of this page
•
Introductory note
•
Publications & reports distributed by the
James Henare Maori Research Centre 1995-2003
•
JHMRC Publications and documents in preparation
•
Recently completed reports and publications
on JHMRC coordinated research
•
Books and articles based on Centre research into
Mäori tourism published elsewhere.
•
Book
• Articles and conference papers (arranged
by author)
•
Sustainable tourism resources on the World Wide
Web
•
Specific documents and sets of documents
• Links to multiple sources of information
• Other links to local and international
organizations
Introductory
Note
This
page has been based on Appendix 6 of Rethinking Tourism in Taitokerau.
Some recent reports and documents are held on other pages of
this site. These are marked marked [®],
and clicking on the symbol will take you to the section of the website
where they can be viewed or downloaded . Some additional resources
related to indigenous tourism are also included on this website's
general sustainable development resources page.
Listed
below are reports and publications arising from the James Henare Mäori
Research Centre's research on sustainable Mäori tourism that were
available through the Centre or being prepared for distribution at the
end of 2003. Reports and documents marked [®]
are recent publications that can be downloaded from the another page
on this website -- clicking on the ®
symbol will take you to the appropriate section to view or download
the document.
Sustainable
Maori Tourism in Tai Tokerau, North Hokianga Region ,
edited by Dorothy Urlich Cloher. James Henare Maori Research Centre,
University of Auckland, 494pp, 1998. [Availability 2003: Hardcopy, $95.00]
Contents
:
Charles S. Johnston, ‘Survey of North Hokianga Communities on Perceptions
of and Attitudes Towards A Maori-Owned and Controlled Tourism'
Karen Nero, K. ‘Northern Hokianga Communities'.
Te Hiku o te Ika Trust. ‘Dynamics of Whanaungatanga'.
Charles S. Johnston, ‘Tourism Resource Inventory for North Hokianga
Communities'
Charles S. Johnston, ‘Literature Review on the Social Impacts of Tourism
on Indigenous Peoples'.
Neil Mitchell and Geoff Park, Nga Pou Whakahii o te Tai Tokerau -
Hokianga ki te Raki (The identification of Sites of Special Environmental
Interest - North Hokianga).
Ella Henry, and K. Pryor, ‘Marketing and Mangaement Analysis: Supply
and Demand Analysis'.
K. Jackson, ‘Demand Issues in Tourism Development'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Statistical Socio-Economic Indicators for the North
Hokianga Region'.
Sustainable
Maori Tourism in Tai Tokerau, South Hokianga and Kaikohe Regions
, edited by Dorothy Urlich Cloher. James Henare Maori Research
Centre, University of Auckland, 720pp, 1998. [Availability 2003: Hardcopy,
$95.00]
Contents:
Karen Nero, ‘Anthropological Analysis of the Kaikohe and South Hokianga
Communities Participating in Maori Tourism'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Official 1996 Census Indicators for the Ngapuhi Region'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Attitudes Towards Tourism in the South Hokianga and
Kaikohe Regions'.
Neil Mitchell, and Geoff Park, ‘Nga Pou Whakahii o te Tai Tokerau
- Hokianga ki te Tonga- The Identification of sites of special environmental
interest- South Hokianga'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Resource Inventory for the South Hokianga and Kaikohe
Regions'.
K. Jackson, ‘Analysis of Tourism Demand and Factors Influencing Demand'.
Pip Forer, and S. Page, ‘Tourism in Tai Tokerau : General Patterns
and Maori Perspectives'.
S. Page, and Pip Forer, ‘Small Business Development and Tourism in
Northland'.
Ella Henry, and K. Pryor, ‘Marketing and Mangaement Analysis: Supply
and Demand Perspectives'.
Val Lindsay, and C. Walters, ‘Sustainable Commercial Tourism Development
in the South Hokianga and Kaikohe Areas'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Summary and Conclusions'.
Sustainable
Maori Tourism in Tai Tokerau - Bay of Islands
, edited by Dorothy Urlich Cloher. James Henare Maori Resea rch
Centre, University of Auckland, 1999. [Availability 2003: Hardcopy,
$95.00]
Contents:
Karen Nero, ‘Ethnographic Analysis of Community Structures in the
Bay of Islands Region'.
Debbie Singh, ‘Official Socio-Economic Indicators for the Bay of Islands
Region'
Debbie Singh, ‘Attitudes Towards Tourism in the Bay of Islands Region'.
Neil Mitchell, F. George, and S. Skalova, ‘Analysis of Environmental
Resources, Nga Pou Whakahii O Te Tai Tokerau - Bay of Islands'.
K. Jackson, K. ‘Demand Analysis and Factors Influencing Demand'.
Pip Forer, ‘Survey of Northland Tourists'.
S. Page and P. Forer, ‘Survey of Tourism Related Businesses in Northland'.
Ella Henry and K. Pryor, ‘Issues of Supply and Demand in Tourism Management'.
Charles Johnston, ‘Resource Inventory for the Bay of Islands Region'.
Craig Walters, ‘Sustainability of Maori Tourism Ventures for the Bay
of Islands Region'.
Val Lindsay, ‘Economic Supply Factor in the Bay of Islands Study Communities,
and Models for Sustainable Maori Tourism Development'.
“Stories
for Bay of Islands Maori Tourism Package,” compiled by Dorothy Urlich
Cloher (Typescript). James Henare Maori Research Centre, University
of Auckland, 10pp, 1999. [Availability 2003: Restricted distribution;
available on request to Mäori tourism operators in the Bay of Islands
region.]
Matthew
Noonan, Mäori Attitudes to Tourism in the Muriwhenua
Region , 1999. [Availability 2003: PDF file of pre-publication
draft on JHMRC website; Hardcopies could be provided to libraries &
Mäori organizations. [®]
This
study reports on the results of a survey of people's views on tourism
in several Maori communities in the Far North, including their own
experiences in regard to tourism, and the forms of tourism they would
like developed in their comunities.
Resource
Inventory for the Muriwhenua Region , by Dr Charles Johnston.
[Availability 2003: PDF file of pre-publication draft on JHMRC website;
Hardcopies could be provided to libraries & Mäori organizations.
[®]
This
small book includes guidelines for workshops to enable community members
to make decisions on possibilities for locally-based sustainable tourism
ventures
Commercial
Development of Sustainable Maori Tourism in the Muriwhenua Region
, by Dr Val Lindsay. [Availability 2003: PDF file of pre-publication
draft on JHMRC website; Hardcopies could be provided to libraries &
Mäori organizations. [®]
This
report deals with the business side of sustainable community-based
tourism, and incorporates a comprehensive handbook for planning and
operating a small business.
Nga
Pou Whakahï o te Tai Tokerau - Muriwhenua: The identfication of
sites of special environmental interest for sustainable tourism
, by Dr Neil Mitchell and Helena Skalova. [Availability 2003: PDF
file of pre-publication draft on JHMRC website; Hardcopies could be
provided to libraries & Mäori organizations. [®]
This
small book outlines ecotourism possibilities and features of special
ecological interest for whänau and communities on the Aupouri
peninsula. It contains many coloured maps and photographs.
“Off
the Beaten Track: Development of Sustainable Mäori Tourism in Taitokerau”
– Presentations at the NZ Tourism & Hospitality Research
Conference , Waiariki Polytechnic, Rotorua, December 2002.
[Availability 2003: PowerPoint files on JHMRC website [®]
and abstract in Conference Proceedings.]
Six
sets of PowerPoint Sides from the presentations on the research programme
on sustainable Maori tourism for Taitokerau by members of the JHMRC
research team:
1.
Introduction (Dr Richard Benton, JHMRC, University of Auckland)
2. Survey of Taitokerau residents on tourism issues
(Dr Charles Johnston, Auckland University of Technology)
3. Overview of natural resource inventory for Taitokerau
(Dr Coral Grant & Brenda Hay, Aquabio Consultants)
4. Overview of workshops on tourism resources (Dr
Charles Johnston, Auckland University of Technology)
5. A conceptual model of sustainable development of small,
isolated, rural indigenous communities (Dr Val Lindsay,
Faculty of Business & Economics, University of Auckland)
6. Sustainable Mäori tourism in Taitokerau: Representation
and reality (Dr Richard Benton)
Rethinking
Tourism in Québec, Oaxaca and Taitokerau , by Danielle
Moreau & Billie Lythberg, with an Introduction and Epilogue by Richard
Benton [2003] [Availability 2003: PDF file on JHMRC website; Hardcopies
could be provided to libraries & Mäori organizations. [®]
This
is a discussion paper on the merits of ecotourism, community-based
tourism and mass tourism in the sustainable development of indigenous
communities. Rethinking Tourism in Taitokerau: An International Perspective
on Sustainable Ecotourism in Northland is a substantially updated
and revised edition of this report .
>> Return to list of contents
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Reports
and publications in final stages of preparation
See
the home page of this website - http://www.rakiora.maori.nz
- for information and access to many of these resources.
Recently
completed reports and publications on JHMRC Coordinated Research
Books
and articles based on JHMRC research into Mäori tourism published
elsewhere.
Book
The
Tribes of Muriwhenua: Their Origins and Stories ,
by Dorothy Urlich Cloher, D., with Maori translations by Meremere Penfold.
Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002. [Availability 2003: Paperback;
recommended retail price $29.95; obtainable from most bookstores]
‘As
the tides flow wildly from Rangaunu, / the small dog-fish makes its
own current.'
...
During the Muriwhenua claim, which was presented to the Waitangi Tribunal
during the 1980s to 1990s, records of traditional history were provided,
and often recited, by the remaining elders of Muriwhenua. This book
captures many of those stories and is testimony to the author's belief
that such stories should not disappear.
…
A single book does not hold all the answers to our curiosity about
the past. There is much more to be written about the tribal histories
of the North. This book, however, will be a very useful contribution
to those who wish to seek out their roots and find their place on
the marae of Muriwhenua.
It will open a door on our history, and no doubt those who study it
will find something significant and meaningful to them. It will tap
the wellspring of feeling and affection, and allow the 'ngakau Maori',
the Maori heart, to beat proudly. And, like the dog-fish in the Muriwhenua
saying above, this small book will illustrate the spirit and tenacity
of the people.
(From
the Foreword by Shane Jones)
>> Return to list of contents
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Richard
Benton, Charles Johnston, Coral Grant and Val Lindsay, “Off the Beaten
Track: Development of Sustainable Mäori Tourism in Taitokerau”,
In : Glen Croy, ed. Proceedings , New Zealand Tourism
and Hospitality Research Conference, 3-5 December 2002, p.346. Waiariki
Institute of Technology, Rotorua [abstract; PowerPoint Slides also available
(see above)].
Pip
Forer and Stephen Page, “Spatial Modelling of Tourist Flows in Northland”.
Proceedings of New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference
, Akaroa, December 1998.
Pip
Forer and David Simmons, “Tourism Planning : Prospects and Challenges
of using GIS as an Interactive and Facilitative tool”. Proceedings
of New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference,
Akaroa, December 1998.
Pip
Forer, Stephen Page, and G. Lawton, “Small Business Development and
Tourism : Terra Incognita”. Tourism Management , 1997
Brenda
E. Hay and Coral M. Grant, “Kauri, Kiwi and Kingfish: A Regional Study
of the Potential for Ecotourism in the Far North of New Zealand”, International
Conference on Ecotourism, Wilderness and Mountain Tourism: Issues, Strategies
and Regional Development, Book of Abstracts , p.41.
University of Otago, Dunedin, 2002
Charles
S. Johnston, “We Don't Want Another Waikiki: Kona's Tourism Life Cycle”.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers,
Honolulu, Hawaii. March, 1999.
Charles
S. Johnston, “Resident Perception of Tourism among Maori in North Hokianga
: A Report of Survey Results”. Proceedings of New Zealand Tourism
and Hospitality Research Conference , Akaroa, December 1998.
Neil
Mitchell, Geoff Park, and F. George, “Evaluation of Sites for Ecotourism
Potential in the Hokianga District of Northland”. Proceedings
of New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Conference , Akaroa,
December 1998.
Dorothy
Urlich Cloher, “A Sustainable Maori Tourism in Northland, New Zealand”.
Proceedings of New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference
, Akaroa, December 1998.
Dorothy
Urlich Cloher, “The Sustainability of Indigenous Tourism”. Institute
of Australian Geographers Conference, University of Notre Dame, Australia,
July 1998.
Dorothy
Urlich Cloher, and Charles S. Johnston, “Maori Sustainability Concepts
Applied to Tourism : A North Hokianga Study”. New Zealand Geographer
, 55 (1), 46-52, 1999.
Dorothy
Urlich Cloher, and Charles S. Johnston, “A Maori Sustainable Tourism”.
Regional and Urban Development Conference, Wellington, December 1997.
>> Return to list of contents
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Any
guide to sustainable tourism resources on the World Wide Web has to
be arbitrary – at the time this list was being compiled, a search
on Google for the words sustainable + development
would bring up 4,700,000 references world-wide, including 80,000
from New Zealand (plus another 400,000 if widened to include desarrollo
+ sostenible , netting many Spanish-language resources
highly relevant to Aotearoa), and even the phrase “sustainable development”
would pull in 3,500,000 entries (22,000 from New Zealand). Confining
it to sustainable + tourism would net 2,500,000
(35,500 in New Zealand), narrowed to 240,000 (2,000 in New Zealand)
if restricted to the phrase “sustainable tourism”. A search for sustainable
+ Mäori + tourism brought up only a couple of dozen entries,
the majority pointing directly to research undertaken by the James
Henare Mäori Research Centre, and only one document which did
not mention this research. The list below contains a selection of
items drawn from the resources that were available through the JHMRC
website in 2003 (these are listed in the appendix to the discussion
document Rethinking Tourism
in Québec, Oaxaca and Taitokerau ), and others
which have proved especially useful in the compilation of this report,
especially sites which provide links to facilitate futher exploration
of the theory and practice of sustainable tourism. Further references
to web-based materials will be found in many Centre reports, including
Dr Val Lindsay's annotated bibliography Sustainable
Economic Development: An Indigenous Perspective.
Ecotourism
as a springboard for sustainable living
“The
challenge and promise of ecotourism for the island regions of the
world”, by David Andersen (Keynote address to the International Ecotourism
Congress, Okinawa, 28 November 2002). This is an excellent overview
of the role of ecotourism as a “springboard for sustainable living”
in an era in which human survival requires a radical change in the
way people use and care for the environment. Mr Andersen is an architect
who has been involved in a number of high-profile tourism developments,
and his address includes a useful appendix on “issues and opportunities
in eco-lodge planning”.
Wise
Coastal Practices for Sustainable Human Development Forum
The
Wise Coastal Practices forum is part of the UNESCO-sponsored Environment
and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands (CSI) programme:
http://www.unesco.org/csi/csiinf.htm.
It
has a special subsection for Pacific(Small Islands), Australia, New
Zealand – http://www.csiwisepractices.org/?region=10.
The
CSI "platform for intersectoral action" was established
in 1996. It was designed to contribute to "environmentally sustainable,
socially equitable, culturally respectful and economically viable
development in coastal regions and in small islands". There are
three main aspects to the programme:
•
Field-based pilot projects which provide a framework for collaborative
action on the ground. (23 of these are now in operation -- http://www.unesco.org/csi/pp.htm
);
•
UNESCO Chairs and University Twinning (UNITWIN) arrangements, which
support and enhance the field project activities through training,
capacity building and awareness raising Three university chairs have
been established (in Senegal, the Philippines and Latvia) -- http://www.unesco.org/csi/chairs_tw.htm
; and
•
The multi-lingual, internet-based forum on 'Wise Coastal Practices
for Sustainable Human Development' (see above). This now includes
some 13,000 participants from around the world representing a wide
range of domains, and has developed a series of 65 example wise practices
which guide sustainable development action on the ground – http://www.unesco.org/csi/chairs_tw.htm
Agenda
21: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Agenda
21 is a comprehensive programme of action adopted by 182 governments
at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
the Earth Summit, on 14 June 1992. It created a global partnership
built on the premises of General Assembly resolution 44/228 of 22
December 1989, which was adopted when the nations of the world called
for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
and on the acceptance of the need to take a balanced and integrated
approach to environment and development questions. Agenda 21 is the
first document of its kind to achieve international consensus. It
provides a blueprint for securing the sustainable future of the planet
into the 21st century. It identifies the environment and development
issues which threaten to bring about economic and ecological catastrophe
and presents a strategy for transition to more sustainable development
practices. “Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and
also aims at preparing the world for the challenges of the next century”.
Text
of Agenda 21
Agenda
21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry - Towards Environmentally Sustainable
Development, Full Report
(1995).
The
full text of this document is not available in electronic form. It
was published by the World
Travel and Tourism Council, a trade organization based in London.
There
is a brief summary of this document and progress made towards its
implementation on the WTTC web site at: http://www.wttc.org/promote/agenda21.htm
Extracts
from the summary document:
In
1996 three International Organizations - the World Travel & Tourism
Council, the World Tourism Organization and the Earth Council, joined
together to launch an action plan entitled "Agenda 21 for the
Travel & Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable
Development" - a sectoral sustainable development programme based
on the Earth Summit results.
…
The Travel & Tourism industry has a vested interest in protecting
the natural and cultural resources which are the core of its business.
It also has the means to do so. As the world's largest industry, it
has the potential to bring about sustainable development of the communities
and countries in which it operates. Concerted action from governments,
and all sectors of the industry, will be needed in order to realize
this potential and to secure long-term future development.
The Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry document contains
priority areas for action with defined objectives and suggested steps
to be taken to achieve them. The document emphasizes the importance
of the partnerships between government, industry and non-government
organizations, analyses the strategic and economic importance of Travel
& Tourism and demonstrates the enormous benefits in making the
industry sustainable.
…
Congreso
Virtual Internacional De Cultura Y Turismo (Ciberespacio, Octubre
de 2001)
A
web-based conference on culture and tourism organized by a group of
Argentinean and Brasilian anthropologists.
The
main site includes an introduction to the forum, texts of the various
presentations and forums (from two local sessions, in the Argentinean
cities of Salta and Jujuy respectively, as well as the “Cyberspace”
congress), and lists and contact details of presenters. Two items
of special interest are:
(1)
The paper “Turismo sostenible y las agendas 21”, by Marco A.
Olivera Begazo ( Keynote contribution to the Congreso Virtual Internacional
de Cultura y Turismo, October 2001)
>> Turismo Sostenible Part 1
>>Turismo Sostenible Part 2
(2)
The
Conclusions and Recommendations of the Congress.
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United
Nations Division of Sustainable Development
This
has links to many key documents on sustainable development (including
tourism).
Sustainable Tourism Guide from the Library of the University of Seville
This
site is an excellent guide to writing in Spanish on topics related
to tourism, and also has many international links.
World
Tourism Organization
The
nature of this organization is well described in the first paragraph
of its mission statement:
As
the leading international organization in the field of travel and
tourism, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) is vested by the United
Nations with a central and decisive role in promoting the development
of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism, with
the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding,
peace, prosperity and universal respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms. In pursuing this aim, the Organization
pays particular attention to the interests of the developing countries
in the field of tourism.
Its
members include official representatives of over 140 countries, but
not the United States, Australia, New Zealand or the United Kingdom,
although Fiji, Canada and South Africa are full members. This website
provides an excellent source of information about most aspects of
sustainable tourism.
Tourism
Concern
A
United Kingdom-based organization. The website has useful information
and resources for promoting ethical tourism, and links to other sites.
Third
World Network
The
Third World Network is a Malaysian-based “non-profit international
network of organizations and individuals involved in issues relating
to development, the Third World and North- South issues”. Its website
has a vast number of resources and commentaries, which are regularly
updated, some of which have been used in this study. It has a special
section devoted to sustainable tourism: http://www.twnside.org.sg/tour.htm
.
Indigenous
Tourism Rights International website
Indigenous
Tourism Rights International is an NGO based in the United States
and Mexico, dedicated to “collaborating with Indigenous communities
and networks to help protect native territories, rights and cultures”.
Its mission “is to facilitate the exchange of local experiences in
order to understand, challenge and take control of the ways in which
tourism affects our lives.” This organization, formerly known as the
Rethinking Tourism Project, supplied the JHMRC Centre with a great
deal of information relevant to its own “Rethinking Tourism” study.
The
International Network on the Sustainable Development of Coastal Tourism
Destinations
This
is an initiative of the Tourism Section of the World
Tourism Organization (WTO) , http://www.world-tourism.org/,
with the technical and scientific collaboration of the National
Distance Education University (UNED) http://www.uned.es/webuned/home.htm
– English version http://www.uned.es/webuned/areasgen/info/english.htm
of Spain
The
Network is developing a database for an International Guide of Good
Practices . This will provide detailed and structured information
about coastal tourism destinations around the world that have experiences
in the sustainable development and management of tourism. This guide
will be accessible on the UNED website at a later stage.
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World
Travel and Tourism Council
The
WTTC is a trade organization based in London, linking some of the
world's largest and most influential international and multinational
tourism operators. It is an important site for getting a feel of what
the “big boys” are thinking, planning and doing.
Enterprise
Northland website
Operated
by the Northland Regional Council Community Trust, Enterprise Northland
is focused on facilitating and co-ordinating economic growth across
this "The First Region of New Zealand" in collaboration
with Northland businesses, Northland iwi, the regional and district
councils, the three district economic development agencies, and central
government agencies and departments.
NZ
Trade & Enterprise website
New
Zealand Trade and Enterprise is the New Zealand Government's trade
and economic development agency, formed from the merger of Trade New
Zealand and Industry New Zealand. They “strive to improve the capability
and international competitiveness of New Zealand businesses”. The
site includes pages on business, sectoral and regional development.
Tai
Tokerau Mäori and Cultural Tourism Association
This
is the website of the Tai Tokerau Mäori and Cultural Tourism
Association. It contains information about the association and promotes
Taitokerau tourism and the services of its members. The mission of
the organization is to foster “the development of a cluster of Mäori
and cultural tourism operators and associated stakeholders in Tai
Tokerau for their mutual support, sustainable development, and the
wider socio-economic benefit of Tai Tokerau” .
Northland Sustainable Tourism Project
The
Ministry for the Environment has helped Enterprise Northland and six
Northland tourism businesses put in place a sustainable tourism project
to improve their environmental performance. This took place within
the Activate Northland Project — a New Zealand Trade and Enterprise
funded Major Regional Initiative.
http://www.rakiora.maori.nz
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development resources page.
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