"Rakiora" ~ the living North
Sustainable Development 1994-2007
Taitokerau Maori Dictionary
This website was first set up in May 2004, to make sure that resources produced by former research associates and staff of the James Henare Maori Research Centre did not become inaccessible when the University shut down the Centre's own web site after the Centre had gone into recess. It was given a major overhaul at the beginning of August that year, when it became clear that the resource-rich James Henare Maori Research Centre web site was not going to reappear quickly. Only a few items from the pages of the Centre's on-line newsletter, the Centre Diary, which appeared monthly (occasionally updated almost daily) from the beginning of 2001 to December 2003 are available here. However, there is a fairly comprehensive coverage of useful information on various aspects of sustainable development in the decade following the inception of the centre's FRST-funded sustainable research programmes in 1994, including and adding to the material originally available through the Centre's web pages. Some additional material was added to this from 2005-7. Since the end of 2007, the sustainable development sections of this website have been archival only, i.e. little or no new material has been added, although occasionally some existing items may be updated. The Rakiora site also provides access to the most important resource of all for many people, Te Papakupu o te Taitokerau (the Taitokerau Maori Dictionary), and information and publications arising from the Year 2000 conference in Auckland of the International Consortium for Experiential learning (ICEL). Both these sections are "active" and therefore updated from time to time. The whakapapa of this site, and its underlying philosophy of making information and resources to support sustainable Maori development and the revitalization of the Maori language can be traced back to the ground-breaking Te Wahapü computer-based communications system (CBCS) which successfully completed its initial test run on March 25, 1990. You can read more about that, and get access to some of the resources once stored on Te Wahapü, through the link on the side-panel of this page.
Original and Continuing Purposes of this Website
This website was originally set up by members of the
Tai Tokerau Sustainable Development Research Group, an informal network of researchers with an ongoing interest in and commitment
to the sustainable economic, social and cultural development of Taitokerau
and the wellbeing of whanau, hapü, iwi, communities and individuals
resident in the region and the ecosystem which makes life there possible
and fulfilling. The network included a core group
of researchers who worked
on the sustainable Mäori economic development research programme
under the aegis of the James Henare Mäori Research Centre at the
University of Auckland, along with colleagues, whänau, friends
and people interested in various aspects of sustainable development
with a special focus on Taitokerau. Some of the members were still
working on the final revisions of those reports arising directly
from the James Henare Maori Research Centre's research which were not
available from the Centre or through the Centre's website at the end
of 2003. Those which were completed, along with others that had already been finished have been made available for downloading from this site. This web page was first set up to ensure that the Taitokerau Maori dictionary would remain accessible, and that people interested
in Maori economic development in Tai Tokerau, and especially Tai
Tokerau iwi, hapu, whanau and business and development groups, would
have easy access to the resources that were produced through the Taitokerau Sustainable development research programmes. Now that the Centre is once again active (from 2008), new material and perhaps some at least of these older ones
will no doubt also be available through the Centre's own website as this is expanded. The "Rakiora" site is now naintained by voluntary contributions in cash and kind from some of its original organizers.
He aha te rongo o te wä - What's new?
Click here, or on the spiral logo in the left-hand panel, to find out!
On
this page
Reports and publications in the Capacity Building for
Sustainable Development series completed 2003-4
Indigenous Economic Development - Comprehensive Bibliography
Marine
Resources in Taitokerau
Comprehensive
report
Case studies
The
New Zealand Oyster Industry
Reports and publications from the Maori Values in Relation to Genetic
Modification research programme completed 2003-4
Selected
publications from the Laws and Institutions research programme
Reports
and publications from the Sustainable Maori Development research
programmes in final stages of preparation in 2003-4
Reports
and publications formerly available through the JHMRC web site
Pre-Publication
Drafts of Reports and Handbooks
Other materials and resources from the Sustainable
Maori Development research programmes
On
other pages
Sustainable
Development: Resources
Includes
a bibliography of JHMRC publications, with links to some of these
and to a large number of web-based resources on aspects of economic,
social, and cultural development, including organic food production
and environmentally responsible land use.
Sustainable
Maori and Community-based Tourism
- JHMRC Publications
and Reports & Selected Web-based Resources
Resources
and information for people involved or interested in small-scale community-based
tourism businesses and associated activities.
The
Urban Maori Situation - Wellbeing and Disparity in Tamaki Makaurau
The five volume work Wellbeing
and Disparity in Tämaki-Makaurau, was launched in December
2003 by Hon John Tamihere, Associate Minister of Maori Affairs, and
also welcomed in a separate press statement by his colleague Hon Tariana
Turia, then also an Associate Minister of Maori Affairs. Click
on the heading above to go to the section of the "Sustainable
Development" page on this website from where you can download copies
of some volumes and individual chapters. The study is also available
on CD-ROM and in printed form from Te Puni Kökiri and Auckland
UniServices Ltd -- click here to
view or download a .pdf file with a synopsis of the work and information
on where to obtain copies.
International Consortium for Experiential Learning.
The ICEL 2000 web site -- the virtual record of the 7th meeting of the International Consortium for Experiential learning, held in Auckland in December 2000. Includes links to the Consortium's central web site in the United States, and information about past, current, and future activities of the Consortium.
Te Papakupu o te Taitokerau .
The on-line version of the Taitokerau Maori Dictionary, now linked also to the Te Wahapü lexical database, along with information about this on-going project, and related lexicographic work.
Biodiversity.
Some notes and links relating to biodiversity topics.

Completed reports and publications in the Capacity Building for
Sustainable Mäori Development series, 2002-4
These are the final versions of reports of research undertaken 2002-3
in the Capacity Building for Sustainable Maori Development
research programme, along with the final versions of other reports
that were earlier issued in various unpublished or pre-publication
drafts in the earlier Sustainable Maori Development in Taitokerau
and Sustainable Maori Tourism in Taitokerau programmes. These
publications and reports were prepared by contributors to this
website for distribution through the James Henare Mäori Research
Centre's web site. As this was closed down early in 2004, they are placed here to ensure that the people for whom they were prepared can have easy access to them.
Bibliographic
references are also given to print-based publications produced by
members of this research team that would also have been included on
the Centre's web site had they been available in 2003, along with
more recent publications.
Indigenous Economic Development - Comprehensive Bibliography
Sustainable Economic Development: An Indigenous Perspective, by Val Lindsay.
This study reviews the literature on sustainable economic development, emphasising contemporary perspectives on indigenous sustainable economic development. It aims to provide an overview of the various contexts of sustainable economic development, the issues and challenges associated with it, from the perspective of individual firms, regions and nations, and opportunities for enhancing sustainable economic development, particularly from an indigenous perspective. The review includes literature involving empirical work in a range of economic development settings, including sustainable tourism.
Click here to read on-line,
or
Click here to read or download PDF file.
Marine
Resources in Tai Tokerau
Marine
Resources in Tai Tokerau (PDF Version) , by Brenda Hay
and Coral Grant (for downloading as a single file).
Marine
Resources in Tai Tokerau (Interactive Web-based version)
(a set of 25 hyperlinked web pages, for
on-line viewing).
This
is a comprehensive technical report on marine resources (including
resources along the coastline) in Tai Tokerau, from Te One Rangatira
in the southwest, to Taiharuru Head and Aotea in the Southeast. As
well as an overview of the region as a whole (containing information
on the nature of marine resources, key features of the marine ecosystems
in Tai Tokerau (including physical characteristics and marine
flora and fauna of Tai Tokerau ), and potential opportunities
for development of marine resources (including sections on tourism,
aquaculture, fishing, sand resources and energy
production). These are supplemented by twenty
subregional case studies, discussing the particular features of each
area under two headings: Physical Environment,
and Flora & Fauna,
and accompanied by a bibliography of research reports and
studies relating to that particular district. This
study brings together the relevant material collected by the research
team from 1994-2003, and is complemented by a series of six non-technical
regional reports (listed below). In addition to the PDF and web-based
versions, this report is also available in a set of 21 hyperlinked
files on CD-ROM.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau, with examples
from specific regions, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This
is the non-technical counterpart to Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau,
and consists of six booklets, each focused on one of the regions covered
in the different phases of the Centre's sustainable Mäori development
research programme: 1. Karikari Peninsula to Takou
Bay; 2. Takou Bay to Cape Brett, and West
Coast: South Hokianga; 3. West Coast: Kaipara;
4. West Coast: North Hokianga;
5. Te Hiku o te Ika; 6. Cape
Brett to Pakiri. They have a common format, with the same
introductory and general information, but the examples and illustrations
relate to the particular region, and include information about the
special characteristics and opportunities present there.
NOW
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING IN PDF FORMAT
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Hiku o te
Ika ,
by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This
guide draws on examples from Te Hiku o te Ika, starting at the Herekino
Harbour, then north along Ninety Mile Beach, around to the eastern
side of the Aupouri Peninsula, ending at the Rangaunu Harbour in the
southeast.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the North Hokianga
Region,
by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This
guide is illustrated by examples from Tatokerau's west coast, from
the Hokianga Harbour north to the Herekino Harbour.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Takou Bay-Karikari
Peninsula Region, by Brenda Hay
and Coral Grant.
This guide draws on examples from east coast localities from Takou
Bay, north to the Karikari peninsula, including Whangaroa Harbour
and Doubtless Bay.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Central
Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral
Grant.
This guide draws examples from Takou Bay to Taupiri Head, including
the Bay of Islands, on the East Coast, and from Hokianga Harbour south
to Maunganui Bluff on the West Coast.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Whangarei
Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral
Grant.
This guide is illustrated with examples from Taitokerau's southeast
coast, from Cape Brett to Takahi Point. It includes Whangarei Harbour
and Poor Kinights, Hen and Chickens, Hauturu (Little Barrier), and
Mokohinau Islands.
Introduction
to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Kaipara
Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral
Grant.
This guide draws its examples from the Kaipara Harbour, and the adjacent
west coast areas of Rangitira Beach to the south and Ripira Beach
to the north.
The
New Zealand Oyster Industry: A Case Study of a Primary Industry
Maori
in Tai Tokerau have traditionally had very close links to the marine
environment, and there is a high level of interest in exploring the
potential for sustainable economic development of marine resources.
Maori are already very significant participants in the Pacific oyster
industry through a large oyster farming/processing business owned
by Te Ohu Kai Moana, and several iwi and whanau-based businesses.
The opportunities to expand this involvement include further development
of existing oyster farming areas, and development of new areas. To
date there has been a lack of readily available information about
the oyster industry in New Zealand from a business perspective. This
means that businesses entering the industry have difficulty in planning
appropriate business strategies. The first of the two reports in this
study, now available for downloading from this website, complements
previous reports in providing an analysis of the oyster industry with
a focus on business issues of relevance to enterprises considering
investment in the oyster industry in Tai Tokerau. Its purpose is to
provide an introductory information resource that may be of use as
a starting point in the preparation of strategic business plans. The
second report, currently in preparation, focuses specifically on Maori
involvement in the industry.
A
Study of the New Zealand Farmed Oyster Industry and the Potential for
Sustainable Maori Economic Development - Part 1: Industry Analysis,
by Brenda Hay & Associate Professor Val Lindsay.
Hoki
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From
the Maori Values and Genetic Modification Research Project
"Determining tangible and intangible dimensions in genetic engineering decisions",
by Melissa F. Finucane, Terre Satterfield, Mere Roberts, Manuka Henare & Richard Benton. Poster presentation at the 24th Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Palm Springs, California, Dec. 5-8, 2004.
"Whakapapa
as a Mäori mental construct: Some implications for the debate
over genetic modification of organisms" of Maori and its implications
for genetic engineering, by Mere. Roberts, Brad Haami, Richard
Benton, Terre Satterfield, Melissa L. Finucane, Mark Henare & Manuka Henare. In The Contemporary Pacific, Vol. 16, No 1,
Spring 2004, pp. 1-30.
B.
Haami & M. Roberts (2002). 'Whakapapa (genealogy) as taxonomy'. International
Social Science Journal 173, September.
Finucane,
M.L. (2002). 'Mad cows, mad corn, and mad communities: The role of
socio-cultural factors in the perceived risk of genetically-modified
food'. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61, 31-37.
McFarlane,
R.G. & M. Roberts (2003). Genetically modified organisms in New Zealand
and cultural issues. Proceedings of the FAO/IAEA international
symposium on applications of gene-based technologies for improving
animal production and health in developing countries. Pp 98-99.Vienna,
Austria.
Finucane,
M. & T. Satterfield, (in press) 'Risk as Narrative Values: A Theoretical
Framework for Facilitating the Biotechnology Debate'. International
Journal of Biotechnology.
Roberts,
Mere, Richard Benton, Terre Satterfield, & Nena Benton (2004). 'Incommensurate
risks: Debates concerning genetic modification and cultural transgression
among New Zealand Maori'. Presentation at Open
Parallel Session No. 29: 'Is there a real social participation
in GMO discussion', Eighth Conference of the International Network
on Public Communication of Science and Technology, Scientific Knowledege
& Cultural Diversity, 3-6 June, Barcelona, Spain.
Mark
Henare, "Modifying Relatedness: Whakapapa and Maori Engagement with
Transgenics", Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, Cambridge University, 2003.
[More publications relating to Maori values and genetic modification
are listed on the Sustainable
Development page]
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Experiential Learning: Information about ICEL
Selected
publications from the Laws and Institutions for Aotearoa / New Zealand
Research Programme
The
Laws and Institutions programme has its own web site (/http://www.lianz.waikato.ac.nz)
which has a great deal of information highly relevant to New Zealand's
future legal and constitutional development. Listed and available
here are a few items likely to be of particular interest to people
interested in sustainable development in Taitokerau, or which members
of this network have contributed to.
"Lexicography, Law and the Transformation of New Zealand Jurisprudence", by Richard Benton. Presentation to the International Invitational Symposium on Concepts in Polynesian Customary Law, Fale Pasifika, University of Auckland, 12 October 2004. [PDF file of the presentation draft].
Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 9 contains excerpts from this paper, along with selections from the other presentations:
"Customary Law in a Transnational World: Legal Pluralism Revisited" by Dr Anne Griffiths;
Resident, Residence, Residency in Samoan Custom" by Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Taisi Tupuola Tufuga Efi;
"Some Customary Legal Concepts in Maori Traditional Migration Accounts" by Dr Alex Frame and Ms Joeliee Seed-Pihama;
"Performance in Maori Customary Legal Process" by Dr Alex Frame and Paul Meredith, with a commentary by Dr Tui Adams.
NOTE: The Newsletter PDF file is very large - over 6 megabytes.
"Te Matapunenga: Introducing the Titles" (An outline of the framework being used in the Compendium of Maori Customary Law, with examples of the introductory sections of the titles for Ariki and Mauri), by Richard Benton, and
"Treaty Title proposed for Foreshore and Seabed" (A submission to the Fisheries and other Legislation Select Committee of Parliament), by Alex Frame in Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 8 (October 2003)
"'Te
Mätähauariki - the Imminent Dawn': Customary Law in a Globalized Society",
by Richard Benton. Keynote address for Theme 3: Cultural conflicts
and tolerances, of the 7th Joint Conference on the Preservation
of Ancient Cultures and the Globalization Scenario organized by
the International Centre for Cultural Studies (India), held at the
University of Waikato, Hamilton, 22-24 November 2002
"Maori
Customary Rights: The Hard Yards" (What Maori and the courts
have said about the seabed and foreshore since 1840), by Alex Frame
and Paul Meredith, and
"Truth and the Treaty of Waitangi", by Richard Benton in
Te Matahauariki Newsletter
No. 7 (September 2003)
"He
Pü Wänanga ki Motatau" [an account of a seminar in
Maori Customary Law led by Mrs Mabel Waititi in Motatau], and
"Re-historicising Maoritanga" [an account of the way the
term Maoritanga was developed and used after 1840], in Te
Matahauariki Newsletter No. 4 (January 2002)
Grey
and Iwikau: a Journey into Custom [information about a new book by
Alex Frame], and
"Longer Jail Sentences for Car thieves - or the chance to say "I'm
sorry" (and mean it)", by Richard Benton, in Te
Matahauariki Newsletter No. 5 (August
2002)
A
Compendium of References to Maori Customary Law, by Tui Adams
& Others. This large document can be downloaded from the
Occasional Publications section of the Matahauariki Institute's
web site.
[More
publications from the Laws and Institutions programme are listed on
the Sustainable Development
page]
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Reports
and publications from the Sustainable Maori Development research
programmes in final stages of preparation
These publications
and reports are in their final stages of editing or production. Some
of these may be viewed and/or downloaded now in draft form. The rest
will be made available as soon as they are completed. (Draft versions
already available in 2003 are included in the next section of this
page.)
Reports
from the Capacity Building for Sustainable Maori Development in
Tai Tokerau, Sustainable Maori Development in Tai Tokerau
and Sustainable Maori Tourism in Tai Tokerau research programmes
Rethinking
Tourism in Taitokerau: An International Perspective on Sustainable Ecotourism
in Northland,
by Richard Benton, with Danielle Moreau and Billie Lythberg.
This
publication looks at the idea of sustainable tourism as a desirable
element in community development in the light of international experience,
taking into account social, cultural and ethical concerns in addition
to economic and commercial considerations. The discussion is focused
around several international declarations and sets of principles,
and the relevance of these to sustainable Maori tourism, especially
in Taitokerau. This
is the revised and expanded version of a discission paper Rethinking
Tourism in Québec, Oaxaca and Taitokerau , by Danielle
Moreau, with assistance from Billie Lythberg, edited with an introduction
& epilogue by Richard Benton, which was distributed for comment
August 2003. Editing of this publication
is almost completed and the pre-publication draft can be downloaded
in .pdf format (just click on the heading at the beginning of this
paragraph).
Capacity
Building for Sustainable Mäori Economic Development in Rural Communities.
This
is a monograph bringing together the work on sustainable Mäori
economic development (including sustainable Mäori tourism) in
which the Centre has been engaged since 1995. It consists of three
sections:
*
Theoretical issues, around four major themes (Capacity building
and sustainable economic development in Tai Tokerau; indivdual and
institutional aspects of capacity building; social and cultural
context; resource context).
*
Capacity building in action. (Based on case-studies of practice
in the tourism sector, including an overview; tourist flows and
context; the social context; assessing resource availability; surveys;
workshop overviews; and the business model in action).
*
A conclusion looking at these and other issues in a broad economic
perspective.
Contributors
include Prof. Nigel Haworth, Dr Manuka Henare, Dr Val Lindsay, Rachel
Wolfgramm, Prof. Nigel Haworth, Prof. Pip Forer, Dr Coral Grant, Brenda
Hay, Dr Charles Johnston, Dr Neil Mitchell, Dr Brian Easton, and Dr
Richard Benton. As an external publisher was to be sought for this work,
its appearance in .PDF format was delayed, in anticipation of the hard copy being made available.]
Business
and Economic Opportunities for Mäori in Eastern Northland,
by Pip Forer, Brenda Hay, Val Lindsay and Nigel Haworth. [Incorporates
studies of land-based resources (Prof. Pip Forer), marine resources
(Brenda Hay), and opportunities for Mäori business development
in Eastern Northland (Dr Val Lindsay and Prof. Nigel Haworth].
Eastern
Tai Tokerau Statistical Compendium, by Michael Weston, Richard Benton,
Baljit Grewal and Wayne Johnstone. [A
compilation of background social, economic and demographic statistical
information related to Mäori development in coastal areas of Northland
from Pakiri to Ngaiotonga.]
Implications
of Sustainability for Ngatiwai Tängata Whenua, by Hiku Mackey
and Hone Pene
Analysis
of Social Structure, Values and Organisation in Some Ngatiwai Communities,
by C.T.F. White
Other resources which were to have been released in 2004
Another
important contribution from the last year of the Centre's FRST-funded
Mäori sustainable development research is a guide to the
integration of whanaungatanga dynamics in sustainable Mäori controlled
and operated community-based tourism. This project was commenced
by Dr Charles Johnston in collaboration with Rachel Wolfgramm, Rahuia
Kapa and community-based consultants. It is being completed by Nena
Benton in consultation with a number of Tai Tokerau kaumätua and
residents actively engaged in Mäori tourism ventures and community
services.
A
comprehensive monograph presenting an integrated study on
the the conditions for sustainable Mäori tourism, with
case studies focused in the northeast corner of Te Tai Tokerau, bounded
on the coast from Cape Karikari to Takou Bay, and across to the eastern
side of State Highway 1, is also in its final stages of editing and
production. This work has been edited by Coral Grant
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Reports
and publications formerly available through the JHMRC web site
These publications
and reports from the Centre were available for downloading from the
JHMRC web site in December 2003. The JHMRC web site also contained a
comprehensive bibliography of the many publications relating to the
Centre's sustainable Mäori development research which are not currently
available in electronic form, along with links to other sites, and publications
from a variety of sources on many aspects sustainable development.
Pre-Publication
Drafts of Reports and Handbooks
Final versions
of all these reports, taking into account comments received from readers,
were in production or advanced stages of preparation when the centre went into recess at the beginning of 2004. It is not known whether there are any plans to complete this work. Meanwhile, the
pre-publication versions are available (PDF format).
Rethinking
Tourism in Québec, Oaxaca and Tai Tokerau
by Danielle Moreau & Billie Lythberg, with an Introduction and Epilogue
by Richard Benton [2003]
This is a discussion
paper on the merits of ecotourism, community-based tourism and mass
tourism in the sustainable development of indigenous communities.
A substantially updated and revised edition of this report, Rethinking
Tourism in Taitokerau: An International Perspective on Sustainable
Ecotourism in Northland, has been completed.
Maori
Attitudes to Tourism in the Muriwhenua Region
by Matthew Noonan [1999]
This
study reports on the results of a survey of people's views on tourism
in several Maori communities in the Far North, including their own
experiences in regard to tourism, and the forms of tourism they would
like developed in their comunities.
Resource
Inventory for the Muriwhenua Region, by Dr Charles Johnston.
[2000]
This small book
includes guidelines for workshops to enable community members to make
decisions on possibilities for locally-based sustainable tourism ventures
Commercial
Development of Sustainable Maori Tourism in the Muriwhenua Region,
by Dr Val Lindsay [2001].
This
report deals with the business side of sustainable community-based
tourism, and incorporates a comprehensive handbook for planning and
operating a small business.
Nga
Pou Whakahï o te Tai Tokerau - Muriwhenua: The identfication of
special environmental interest for sustainable tourism,
by Dr Neil Mitchell and Helena Skalova [2001]
This small book
outlines ecotourism possibilities and features of special ecological
interest for whänau and communities on the Aupouri peninsula.
It contains many coloured maps and photographs.
Other
materials and resources from the Sustainable Mäori Development
research programme.
| PRESENTATIONS
AT THE NZ TOURISM & HOSPITALITY RESEARCH CONFERENCE |
| Waiariki
Polytechnic, Rotorua, December 2002 |
| These
are the PowerPoint Slides from the presentations on the research
programme on sustainable Maori tourism for Tai Tokerau by members
of the JHMRC research team. |
1
Introduction (Dr Richard
Benton, JHMRC, University of Auckland)
2Survey of Tai Tokerau
residents on tourism issues (Dr Charles Johnston, Auckland
University of Technology)
3 Overview of natural
resource inventory for Tai Tokerau (Dr Coral Grant &
Brenda Hay, Aquabio Consultants)
4 Overview of workshops
on tourism resources (Dr Charles Johnston, Auckland University
of Technology)
5 A conceptual model
for sustainable development of small, isolated, rural, indigenous
communities (Dr Val Lindsay, Faculty of Business & Economics,
University of Auckland)
6 Sustainable Maori
tourism in Tai Tokerau: Representation and reality (Dr Richard
Benton, JHMRC, University of Auckland) |
| |
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