TC Rakiora -- Sustainable Maori and Community-based Development in Tai Tokerau

Sustainable Mäori & Community-based Development Tai Tokerau 1994-2004

Including Archive Copies of Resources Prepared for the Sustainable Mäori Development in Tai Tokerau and Te Papakupu o Te Taitokerau Research Programmes, 1994-2004

The "Rakiora" Website ~ A Successor to Te Wahapü CBCS 1990-1997

 

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"Rakiora" ~ the living North
Sustainable Development 1994-2007
Taitokerau Maori Dictionary

This website was first set up in May 2004, to make sure that resources produced by former research associates and staff of the James Henare Maori Research Centre did not become inaccessible when the University shut down the Centre's own web site after the Centre had gone into recess. It was given a major overhaul at the beginning of August that year, when it became clear that the resource-rich James Henare Maori Research Centre web site was not going to reappear quickly. Only a few items from the pages of the Centre's on-line newsletter, the Centre Diary, which appeared monthly (occasionally updated almost daily) from the beginning of 2001 to December 2003 are available here. However, there is a fairly comprehensive coverage of useful information on various aspects of sustainable development in the decade following the inception of the centre's FRST-funded sustainable research programmes in 1994, including and adding to the material originally available through the Centre's web pages. Some additional material was added to this from 2005-7. Since the end of 2007, the sustainable development sections of this website have been archival only, i.e. little or no new material has been added, although occasionally some existing items may be updated. The Rakiora site also provides access to the most important resource of all for many people, Te Papakupu o te Taitokerau (the Taitokerau Maori Dictionary), and information and publications arising from the Year 2000 conference in Auckland of the International Consortium for Experiential learning (ICEL). Both these sections are "active" and therefore updated from time to time. The whakapapa of this site, and its underlying philosophy of making information and resources to support sustainable Maori development and the revitalization of the Maori language can be traced back to the ground-breaking Te Wahapü computer-based communications system (CBCS) which successfully completed its initial test run on March 25, 1990. You can read more about that, and get access to some of the resources once stored on Te Wahapü, through the link on the side-panel of this page.

Original and Continuing Purposes of this Website

This website was originally set up by members of the Tai Tokerau Sustainable Development Research Group, an informal network of researchers with an ongoing interest in and commitment to the sustainable economic, social and cultural development of Taitokerau and the wellbeing of whanau, hapü, iwi, communities and individuals resident in the region and the ecosystem which makes life there possible and fulfilling. The network included a core group of researchers who worked on the sustainable Mäori economic development research programme under the aegis of the James Henare Mäori Research Centre at the University of Auckland, along with colleagues, whänau, friends and people interested in various aspects of sustainable development with a special focus on Taitokerau. Some of the members were still working on the final revisions of those reports arising directly from the James Henare Maori Research Centre's research which were not available from the Centre or through the Centre's website at the end of 2003. Those which were completed, along with others that had already been finished have been made available for downloading from this site. This web page was first set up to ensure that the Taitokerau Maori dictionary would remain accessible, and that people interested in Maori economic development in Tai Tokerau, and especially Tai Tokerau iwi, hapu, whanau and business and development groups, would have easy access to the resources that were produced through the Taitokerau Sustainable development research programmes. Now that the Centre is once again active (from 2008), new material and perhaps some at least of these older ones will no doubt also be available through the Centre's own website as this is expanded. The "Rakiora" site is now naintained by voluntary contributions in cash and kind from some of its original organizers.

He aha te rongo o te wä - What's new?
Click here, or on the spiral logo in the left-hand panel, to find out!

On this page

Reports and publications in the Capacity Building for Sustainable Development series completed 2003-4

Indigenous Economic Development - Comprehensive Bibliography

Marine Resources in Taitokerau

Comprehensive report
Case studies

The New Zealand Oyster Industry

Reports and publications from the Maori Values in Relation to Genetic Modification research programme completed 2003-4

Selected publications from the Laws and Institutions research programme

Reports and publications from the Sustainable Maori Development research programmes in final stages of preparation in 2003-4

Reports and publications formerly available through the JHMRC web site

Pre-Publication Drafts of Reports and Handbooks
Other materials and resources from the Sustainable Maori Development research programmes

On other pages

Sustainable Development: Resources

Includes a bibliography of JHMRC publications, with links to some of these and to a large number of web-based resources on aspects of economic, social, and cultural development, including organic food production and environmentally responsible land use.

Sustainable Maori and Community-based Tourism
- JHMRC Publications and Reports & Selected Web-based Resources

Resources and information for people involved or interested in small-scale community-based tourism businesses and associated activities.

The Urban Maori Situation - Wellbeing and Disparity in Tamaki Makaurau

The five volume work Wellbeing and Disparity in Tämaki-Makaurau, was launched in December 2003 by Hon John Tamihere, Associate Minister of Maori Affairs, and also welcomed in a separate press statement by his colleague Hon Tariana Turia, then also an Associate Minister of Maori Affairs. Click on the heading above to go to the section of the "Sustainable Development" page on this website from where you can download copies of some volumes and individual chapters. The study is also available on CD-ROM and in printed form from Te Puni Kökiri and Auckland UniServices Ltd -- click here to view or download a .pdf file with a synopsis of the work and information on where to obtain copies.

International Consortium for Experiential Learning.

The ICEL 2000 web site -- the virtual record of the 7th meeting of the International Consortium for Experiential learning, held in Auckland in December 2000. Includes links to the Consortium's central web site in the United States, and information about past, current, and future activities of the Consortium.

Te Papakupu o te Taitokerau .

The on-line version of the Taitokerau Maori Dictionary, now linked also to the Te Wahapü lexical database, along with information about this on-going project, and related lexicographic work.

Biodiversity.

Some notes and links relating to biodiversity topics.

Matahauariki-Rangitoto

 

Completed reports and publications in the Capacity Building for Sustainable Mäori Development series, 2002-4

These are the final versions of reports of research undertaken 2002-3 in the Capacity Building for Sustainable Maori Development research programme, along with the final versions of other reports that were earlier issued in various unpublished or pre-publication drafts in the earlier Sustainable Maori Development in Taitokerau and Sustainable Maori Tourism in Taitokerau programmes. These publications and reports were prepared by contributors to this website for distribution through the James Henare Mäori Research Centre's web site. As this was closed down early in 2004, they are placed here to ensure that the people for whom they were prepared can have easy access to them.

Bibliographic references are also given to print-based publications produced by members of this research team that would also have been included on the Centre's web site had they been available in 2003, along with more recent publications.

 

Indigenous Economic Development - Comprehensive Bibliography

Sustainable Economic Development: An Indigenous Perspective, by Val Lindsay. 

This study reviews the literature on sustainable economic development, emphasising contemporary perspectives on indigenous sustainable economic development.  It aims to provide an overview of the various contexts of sustainable economic development, the issues and challenges associated with it, from the perspective of individual firms, regions and nations, and opportunities for enhancing sustainable economic development, particularly from an indigenous perspective.  The review includes literature involving empirical work in a range of economic development settings, including sustainable tourism.

Click here to read on-line,
or

Click here to read or download PDF file.

 

Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau

Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau (PDF Version) , by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant (for downloading as a single file).

Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau (Interactive Web-based version) (a set of 25 hyperlinked web pages, for on-line viewing).

This is a comprehensive technical report on marine resources (including resources along the coastline) in Tai Tokerau, from Te One Rangatira in the southwest, to Taiharuru Head and Aotea in the Southeast. As well as an overview of the region as a whole (containing information on the nature of marine resources, key features of the marine ecosystems in Tai Tokerau (including physical characteristics and marine flora and fauna of Tai Tokerau ), and potential opportunities for development of marine resources (including sections on tourism, aquaculture, fishing, sand resources and energy production). These are supplemented by twenty subregional case studies, discussing the particular features of each area under two headings: Physical Environment, and Flora & Fauna, and accompanied by a bibliography of research reports and studies relating to that particular district. This study brings together the relevant material collected by the research team from 1994-2003, and is complemented by a series of six non-technical regional reports (listed below). In addition to the PDF and web-based versions, this report is also available in a set of 21 hyperlinked files on CD-ROM.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau, with examples from specific regions, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.

This is the non-technical counterpart to Marine Resources in Tai Tokerau, and consists of six booklets, each focused on one of the regions covered in the different phases of the Centre's sustainable Mäori development research programme: 1. Karikari Peninsula to Takou Bay; 2. Takou Bay to Cape Brett, and West Coast: South Hokianga; 3. West Coast: Kaipara; 4. West Coast: North Hokianga; 5. Te Hiku o te Ika; 6. Cape Brett to Pakiri. They have a common format, with the same introductory and general information, but the examples and illustrations relate to the particular region, and include information about the special characteristics and opportunities present there.

NOW AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING IN PDF FORMAT

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Hiku o te Ika , by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide draws on examples from Te Hiku o te Ika, starting at the Herekino Harbour, then north along Ninety Mile Beach, around to the eastern side of the Aupouri Peninsula, ending at the Rangaunu Harbour in the southeast.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the North Hokianga Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide is illustrated by examples from Tatokerau's west coast, from the Hokianga Harbour north to the Herekino Harbour.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Takou Bay-Karikari Peninsula Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide draws on examples from east coast localities from Takou Bay, north to the Karikari peninsula, including Whangaroa Harbour and Doubtless Bay.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Central Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide draws examples from Takou Bay to Taupiri Head, including the Bay of Islands, on the East Coast, and from Hokianga Harbour south to Maunganui Bluff on the West Coast.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Whangarei Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide is illustrated with examples from Taitokerau's southeast coast, from Cape Brett to Takahi Point. It includes Whangarei Harbour and Poor Kinights, Hen and Chickens, Hauturu (Little Barrier), and Mokohinau Islands.

Introduction to Marine Resources in Taitokerau, with Examples from the Kaipara Region, by Brenda Hay and Coral Grant.
This guide draws its examples from the Kaipara Harbour, and the adjacent west coast areas of Rangitira Beach to the south and Ripira Beach to the north.

The New Zealand Oyster Industry: A Case Study of a Primary Industry

Maori in Tai Tokerau have traditionally had very close links to the marine environment, and there is a high level of interest in exploring the potential for sustainable economic development of marine resources. Maori are already very significant participants in the Pacific oyster industry through a large oyster farming/processing business owned by Te Ohu Kai Moana, and several iwi and whanau-based businesses. The opportunities to expand this involvement include further development of existing oyster farming areas, and development of new areas. To date there has been a lack of readily available information about the oyster industry in New Zealand from a business perspective. This means that businesses entering the industry have difficulty in planning appropriate business strategies. The first of the two reports in this study, now available for downloading from this website, complements previous reports in providing an analysis of the oyster industry with a focus on business issues of relevance to enterprises considering investment in the oyster industry in Tai Tokerau. Its purpose is to provide an introductory information resource that may be of use as a starting point in the preparation of strategic business plans. The second report, currently in preparation, focuses specifically on Maori involvement in the industry.

A Study of the New Zealand Farmed Oyster Industry and the Potential for Sustainable Maori Economic Development - Part 1: Industry Analysis, by Brenda Hay & Associate Professor Val Lindsay.

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From the Maori Values and Genetic Modification Research Project

"Determining tangible and intangible dimensions in genetic engineering decisions", by Melissa F. Finucane, Terre Satterfield, Mere Roberts, Manuka Henare & Richard Benton. Poster presentation at the 24th Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Palm Springs, California, Dec. 5-8, 2004.

"Whakapapa as a Mäori mental construct: Some implications for the debate over genetic modification of organisms" of Maori and its implications for genetic engineering”, by Mere. Roberts, Brad Haami, Richard Benton, Terre Satterfield, Melissa L. Finucane, Mark Henare & Manuka Henare. In The Contemporary Pacific, Vol. 16, No 1, Spring 2004, pp. 1-30.

B. Haami & M. Roberts (2002). 'Whakapapa (genealogy) as taxonomy'. International Social Science Journal 173, September.

Finucane, M.L. (2002). 'Mad cows, mad corn, and mad communities: The role of socio-cultural factors in the perceived risk of genetically-modified food'. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61, 31-37.

McFarlane, R.G. & M. Roberts (2003). Genetically modified organisms in New Zealand and cultural issues. Proceedings of the FAO/IAEA international symposium on applications of gene-based technologies for improving animal production and health in developing countries. Pp 98-99.Vienna, Austria.

Finucane, M. & T. Satterfield, (in press) 'Risk as Narrative Values: A Theoretical Framework for Facilitating the Biotechnology Debate'. International Journal of Biotechnology.

Roberts, Mere, Richard Benton, Terre Satterfield, & Nena Benton (2004). 'Incommensurate risks: Debates concerning genetic modification and cultural transgression among New Zealand Maori'. Presentation at Open Parallel Session No. 29: 'Is there a real social participation in GMO discussion', Eighth Conference of the International Network on Public Communication of Science and Technology, Scientific Knowledege & Cultural Diversity, 3-6 June, Barcelona, Spain.

Mark Henare, "Modifying Relatedness: Whakapapa and Maori Engagement with Transgenics", Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, Cambridge University, 2003.

[More publications relating to Maori values and genetic modification are listed on the Sustainable Development page]

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Experiential Learning: Information about ICEL

Selected publications from the Laws and Institutions for Aotearoa / New Zealand Research Programme

The Laws and Institutions programme has its own web site (/http://www.lianz.waikato.ac.nz) which has a great deal of information highly relevant to New Zealand's future legal and constitutional development. Listed and available here are a few items likely to be of particular interest to people interested in sustainable development in Taitokerau, or which members of this network have contributed to.

"Lexicography, Law and the Transformation of New Zealand Jurisprudence", by Richard Benton. Presentation to the International Invitational Symposium on Concepts in Polynesian Customary Law, Fale Pasifika, University of Auckland, 12 October 2004. [PDF file of the presentation draft].
Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 9 contains excerpts from this paper, along with selections from the other presentations:
"Customary Law in a Transnational World: Legal Pluralism Revisited" by Dr Anne Griffiths;
Resident, Residence, Residency in Samoan Custom" by Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Taisi Tupuola Tufuga Efi;
"Some Customary Legal Concepts in Maori Traditional Migration Accounts" by Dr Alex Frame and Ms Joeliee Seed-Pihama;
"Performance in Maori Customary Legal Process" by Dr Alex Frame and Paul Meredith, with a commentary by Dr Tui Adams.
NOTE: The Newsletter PDF file is very large - over 6 megabytes.

"Te Matapunenga: Introducing the Titles" (An outline of the framework being used in the Compendium of Maori Customary Law, with examples of the introductory sections of the titles for Ariki and Mauri), by Richard Benton, and
"Treaty Title proposed for Foreshore and Seabed" (A submission to the Fisheries and other Legislation Select Committee of Parliament), by Alex Frame in Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 8 (October 2003)

"'Te Mätähauariki - the Imminent Dawn': Customary Law in a Globalized Society", by Richard Benton. Keynote address for Theme 3: Cultural conflicts and tolerances, of the 7th Joint Conference on the Preservation of Ancient Cultures and the Globalization Scenario organized by the International Centre for Cultural Studies (India), held at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, 22-24 November 2002

"Maori Customary Rights: The Hard Yards" (What Maori and the courts have said about the seabed and foreshore since 1840), by Alex Frame and Paul Meredith, and
"Truth and the Treaty of Waitangi", by Richard Benton in Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 7 (September 2003)

"He Pü Wänanga ki Motatau" [an account of a seminar in Maori Customary Law led by Mrs Mabel Waititi in Motatau], and
"Re-historicising Maoritanga" [an account of the way the term Maoritanga was developed and used after 1840], in Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 4 (January 2002)

Grey and Iwikau: a Journey into Custom [information about a new book by Alex Frame], and
"Longer Jail Sentences for Car thieves - or the chance to say "I'm sorry" (and mean it)", by Richard Benton, in Te Matahauariki Newsletter No. 5 (August 2002)

A Compendium of References to Maori Customary Law, by Tui Adams & Others. This large document can be downloaded from the Occasional Publications section of the Matahauariki Institute's web site.

[More publications from the Laws and Institutions programme are listed on the Sustainable Development page]

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Reports and publications from the Sustainable Maori Development research programmes in final stages of preparation

These publications and reports are in their final stages of editing or production. Some of these may be viewed and/or downloaded now in draft form. The rest will be made available as soon as they are completed. (Draft versions already available in 2003 are included in the next section of this page.)

Reports from the Capacity Building for Sustainable Maori Development in Tai Tokerau, Sustainable Maori Development in Tai Tokerau and Sustainable Maori Tourism in Tai Tokerau research programmes

Rethinking Tourism in Taitokerau: An International Perspective on Sustainable Ecotourism in Northland, by Richard Benton, with Danielle Moreau and Billie Lythberg.

This publication looks at the idea of sustainable tourism as a desirable element in community development in the light of international experience, taking into account social, cultural and ethical concerns in addition to economic and commercial considerations. The discussion is focused around several international declarations and sets of principles, and the relevance of these to sustainable Maori tourism, especially in Taitokerau. This is the revised and expanded version of a discission paper Rethinking Tourism in Québec, Oaxaca and Taitokerau , by Danielle Moreau, with assistance from Billie Lythberg, edited with an introduction & epilogue by Richard Benton, which was distributed for comment August 2003. Editing of this publication is almost completed and the pre-publication draft can be downloaded in .pdf format (just click on the heading at the beginning of this paragraph).

Capacity Building for Sustainable Mäori Economic Development in Rural Communities.

This is a monograph bringing together the work on sustainable Mäori economic development (including sustainable Mäori tourism) in which the Centre has been engaged since 1995. It consists of three sections:

* Theoretical issues, around four major themes (Capacity building and sustainable economic development in Tai Tokerau; indivdual and institutional aspects of capacity building; social and cultural context; resource context).
* Capacity building in action. (Based on case-studies of practice in the tourism sector, including an overview; tourist flows and context; the social context; assessing resource availability; surveys; workshop overviews; and the business model in action).
* A conclusion looking at these and other issues in a broad economic perspective.

Contributors include Prof. Nigel Haworth, Dr Manuka Henare, Dr Val Lindsay, Rachel Wolfgramm, Prof. Nigel Haworth, Prof. Pip Forer, Dr Coral Grant, Brenda Hay, Dr Charles Johnston, Dr Neil Mitchell, Dr Brian Easton, and Dr Richard Benton. As an external publisher was to be sought for this work, its appearance in .PDF format was delayed, in anticipation of the hard copy being made available.]

Business and Economic Opportunities for Mäori in Eastern Northland, by Pip Forer, Brenda Hay, Val Lindsay and Nigel Haworth. [Incorporates studies of land-based resources (Prof. Pip Forer), marine resources (Brenda Hay), and opportunities for Mäori business development in Eastern Northland (Dr Val Lindsay and Prof. Nigel Haworth].

Eastern Tai Tokerau Statistical Compendium, by Michael Weston, Richard Benton, Baljit Grewal and Wayne Johnstone. [A compilation of background social, economic and demographic statistical information related to Mäori development in coastal areas of Northland from Pakiri to Ngaiotonga.]

Implications of Sustainability for Ngatiwai Tängata Whenua, by Hiku Mackey and Hone Pene

Analysis of Social Structure, Values and Organisation in Some Ngatiwai Communities, by C.T.F. White

Other resources which were to have been released in 2004

WhanaungatangaAnother important contribution from the last year of the Centre's FRST-funded Mäori sustainable development research is a guide to the integration of whanaungatanga dynamics in sustainable Mäori controlled and operated community-based tourism. This project was commenced by Dr Charles Johnston in collaboration with Rachel Wolfgramm, Rahuia Kapa and community-based consultants. It is being completed by Nena Benton in consultation with a number of Tai Tokerau kaumätua and residents actively engaged in Mäori tourism ventures and community services.

 

 

A comprehensive monograph presenting an integrated study on the the conditions for sustainable Mäori tourism, with case studies focused in the northeast corner of Te Tai Tokerau, bounded on the coast from Cape Karikari to Takou Bay, and across to the eastern side of State Highway 1, is also in its final stages of editing and production. This work has been edited by Coral Grant

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Reports and publications formerly available through the JHMRC web site

These publications and reports from the Centre were available for downloading from the JHMRC web site in December 2003. The JHMRC web site also contained a comprehensive bibliography of the many publications relating to the Centre's sustainable Mäori development research which are not currently available in electronic form, along with links to other sites, and publications from a variety of sources on many aspects sustainable development.


Pre-Publication Drafts of Reports and Handbooks

Final versions of all these reports, taking into account comments received from readers, were in production or advanced stages of preparation when the centre went into recess at the beginning of 2004. It is not known whether there are any plans to complete this work. Meanwhile, the pre-publication versions are available (PDF format).

Rethinking Tourism in Québec, Oaxaca and Tai Tokerau
by Danielle Moreau & Billie Lythberg, with an Introduction and Epilogue by Richard Benton [2003]

This is a discussion paper on the merits of ecotourism, community-based tourism and mass tourism in the sustainable development of indigenous communities. A substantially updated and revised edition of this report, Rethinking Tourism in Taitokerau: An International Perspective on Sustainable Ecotourism in Northland, has been completed.

Maori Attitudes to Tourism in the Muriwhenua Region
by Matthew Noonan [1999]

This study reports on the results of a survey of people's views on tourism in several Maori communities in the Far North, including their own experiences in regard to tourism, and the forms of tourism they would like developed in their comunities.

Resource Inventory for the Muriwhenua Region, by Dr Charles Johnston. [2000]

This small book includes guidelines for workshops to enable community members to make decisions on possibilities for locally-based sustainable tourism ventures

Commercial Development of Sustainable Maori Tourism in the Muriwhenua Region, by Dr Val Lindsay [2001].

This report deals with the business side of sustainable community-based tourism, and incorporates a comprehensive handbook for planning and operating a small business.

Nga Pou Whakahï o te Tai Tokerau - Muriwhenua: The identfication of special environmental interest for sustainable tourism, by Dr Neil Mitchell and Helena Skalova [2001]

This small book outlines ecotourism possibilities and features of special ecological interest for whänau and communities on the Aupouri peninsula. It contains many coloured maps and photographs.

 

Other materials and resources from the Sustainable Mäori Development research programme.

PRESENTATIONS AT THE NZ TOURISM & HOSPITALITY RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Waiariki Polytechnic, Rotorua, December 2002
These are the PowerPoint Slides from the presentations on the research programme on sustainable Maori tourism for Tai Tokerau by members of the JHMRC research team.
1 Introduction (Dr Richard Benton, JHMRC, University of Auckland)
2Survey of Tai Tokerau residents on tourism issues (Dr Charles Johnston, Auckland University of Technology)
3 Overview of natural resource inventory for Tai Tokerau (Dr Coral Grant & Brenda Hay, Aquabio Consultants)
4 Overview of workshops on tourism resources (Dr Charles Johnston, Auckland University of Technology)
5 A conceptual model for sustainable development of small, isolated, rural, indigenous communities (Dr Val Lindsay, Faculty of Business & Economics, University of Auckland)
6 Sustainable Maori tourism in Tai Tokerau: Representation and reality (Dr Richard Benton, JHMRC, University of Auckland)
 

 

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Rakiora - Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability for Tai Tokerau
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