| Abbreviations and Sources |
| ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DICTIONARY ENTRIES |
|
[Last updated 11 April 2007] This document lists abbreviations and code words used in the entries in the dictionary (and in many cases gives brief explanations of them). These codes and abbreviations are listed separately for: Sources of database entries (head words) Sources of examples used in entries in Te Papakupu o te Taitokerau Etymologies (whakapapa of words) Parts of speech (word classes) Sources of material in Te Wahapü database
SOURCES OF DATABASE ENTRIES (HEAD WORDS) - The words incorporated in this dictionary have been obtained from native-speakers of Maori in various parts of Tai Tokerau, and, to a lesser extent at this point, from manuscripts and books. For words first taken from lists gathered in the early stages of the project, these sources are indicated immediately after the head word by a standard abbreviation enclosed in braces (e.g. {KW} in the example below). ari [1] {KW} [Noun] rice He ari te tino kai o Ahia. Rice is the staple diet of Asia. [NGH3] (Cf.raihi) List of sources of headwords identified in the dictionary entries {BL} - Body parts list {HUI} - Words suggested from the floor at hui (1997-8) [IM] - Native Sea fishes list {KG} - George file {KH} - Heta file, compiled by Rev. Te Uru Heta {KHO} - Hotere whanau {KM} - Marsh file, compiled by Rewa Marsh {KN} - Norman file, compiled by Wairete Norman {KOM} - KOM file, compiled by Hunter Brown mä. {KP} - Pou file, compiled by Arama Pou - [NWE] in examples {KS} - Sarich file {KT} - Topia file {KW} - Waititi file (M, K & T Waititi and Wallace Wihongi) {MI} - Nga momo ika list {MKA} - MAAKA file, compiled by Maaka Mete {MWA} - Ngati Manawa file, - compiled by Joe Topia {MPT} Te Mätäpunenga Project - Tai Tokerau sources {NGH3} - Ngati Hine #3 File, compiled by Tepara (Mabel), Tukaki and Kahu Waititi {NK} - Nga kiiwaha list {NKU} -Ngati Kurï file, compiled by Dr Meremere Penfold {P18} - leaflet number 18 list {PM} - uppercase word list {PR} - lowercase word list {PWT} – He Pepeha, He Whakatauki no Taitokerau. Whangarei, Department of Mäori Affairs, August 1987. {R8} - rarangi 8 list {R9} - rarangi 9 list {RH} - church word list {RH1} - first checklist {RK2} - second word list {RK3} - third word list {RK4} - fourth word list {RK6} - sixth word list {RKK} - assorted word list {RT} - colours word list {SJ} - Shane Jones (Parliamentary Debates) {TM} - TM file, compiled by Hipiriona Hotere {TTU} - TTU File, compiled by Rev. Te Uru Heta {TWK} - Ngai Tawake file, compiled by Rewa Marsh mä {TWK/MHR} TWK/MHR Ngai Tawake & Te Mahurehure list, compiled by Andy and Kath Sarich {WDM} - Williams Dictionary of the Maori Language
A very large number of people have provided examples of the use of the various words collected for the dictionary. Other examples have been obtained from published sources, manuscripts, and oral archives. The source of this information, when known, is indicated in square brackets after each example. Sometimes several different abbreviations or codes are in use for the same source. Eventually this will be standardized, but that is not a high priority at present. List of abbreviations and codes currently used [EPIHA] - Marlin Epiha mä, Ngati Torehina (same as [TOR/KRA]) [H&M] - ["H&M" list - origin to be clarified!] [HIK] - Te Hikutu List [HUI] - Words suggested from the floor at hui (1997-8) [KAPO] - Martha George, Te Kapotai List (see also [KP/MHR]) [Kaka] - Boyd Kaka mä, Ngati Hine - Matawaia (same as [NGH2]) [KH] - from Karanga Hokianga, nä Pä Henare Tate [KOM] - Hanita Brown mä, Te Kauimua [KP/MHR] - Martha George, Te Kapotai / Te Mahurehure List (see also [KAPO]) [KRA] - Marlin Epiha mä, Ngati Kura [KRO] - Andy Sarich, Ngati Korokoro [KT/PTK] - Maraea Erceg mä, Ngati Kuta, Patukeha (same as [Patu]) [MHR] - Huirua Tito mä, Te Mahurehure [MPT] - Te Mätäpunenga research programme, Tai Tokerau files. [MWA] - Joe Topia mä, Ngati Manawa [NGH1] - Mange Tautari, Ngati Hine - Waiomio (same as [NKT]} [NGH2] - Boyd Kaka mä, Ngati Hine - Matawaia (same as [Kaka]) [NGH3] - Mabel Waititi mä, Ngati Hine - Motatau (Same as [Wai]) [NGH4] - Noema Munro mä - Ngati Hine [NKT] - Mange Tautari, Ngati Hine - Waiomio (same as [NGH1]} [NKU] - Meremere Penfold, Ngati Kuri [NKU/TA] - Waireti Norman, Ngati Kuri / Te Aupouri (Same as [NKU/TAU]) [NKU/TAU] - Waireti Norman, Ngati Kuri / Te Aupouri (Same as [NKU/TA]) [NRH] - Rongo Strongman mä, Ngati Rehia (Same as [REH]) [NWE] - Arama Pou, Ngati Whakaeke [NWH] - Hughie Nathan mä, Ngati Whatua [Patu] - Maraea Erceg mä, Ngati Kuta, Patukeha (same as [KT/PTK]) [PBC] – Papatupu Block Committee Book (c. 1900, held in 1987 by the Department of Mäori Affairs, Whangarei) [REH] - Rongo Strongman mä, Ngati Rehia (Same as [NRH]) [TM] - Hipiriona Hotere, Tao Maui [TOR/KRA] - Heemi Epiha mä, Ngat Kura / Ngati Torehina list (see also [EPIHA] & [KRA]) [TTU] - Te Uru Heta, Tangitu (same as [WRA] and [TTU/NTP]) [TTU/NTP] - Te Uru Heta, Tangitu (same as [WRA] and [TTU]) [TWK] - Rewa Marsh mä, Ngaitewake [TWK/MHR] - Andy & Kath Sarich, Ngaitewake / Mahurehure [TWK2] - Second Ngaitewake list [TWK3] - Third Ngaitewake list [TWK6] - Sixth Ngaitewake list [TWK7] - Seventh Ngaitewake list [Wai] - Mabel Waititi mä, Ngati Hine - Motatau (See also [NGH3]) [WDM] - Williams Dictionary of the Maori Language [WRA] - Te Uru Heta, Tangitu (same as [TTU] and [TTU/NTP]) [UNI] - Items gathered at the University of Auckland by Deanne Wilson [First compiled 3 Oct 2001, revised Jan 2005, further revisions to come].
PARTS OF SPEECH (WORD CLASSES) - Parts of speech (word classes, "noun", "verb", "particle" and so on) have been included for many words, but this has not yet been thoroughly checked, and in some entries the labels may be quite misleading. They are also not consistently applied – some follow the ideas underlying the Williams Dictionary of the Maori Language, while others follow the analysis developed by the late Dr Bruce Biggs. We have been developing our own system, which is built on Dr Biggs’ work but retains some of the more familiar ways of looking at words used by compilers of other dictionaries, and have applied this to many entries. This way of classifying words is explained and illustrated in a separate section of the introduction to the dictionary. In those entries that still have the original designations as to part of speech, word class is indicated by a label (sometimes abbreviated) just before the definition of the word (e.g. "n." for "noun" in the example below). In many cases, the label will now be written in full, enclosed in square brackets. However some words will have escaped revision in this respect, so we are listing here the abbreviations used when the dictionary first went on-line in 2001. List of abbreviations for parts of speech used in the original database particle - Particle adv - Adverb conj. - Conjunction pron. - Pronoun adj. - Adjective n. - Noun v. - verb v.i. - Intransitive verb u. - Universal int. - Interjection pos. pron. - Possessive pronoun List of abbreviations for parts of speech used in the first major revision When we first started revising the way headwords were classified and adding in new material from other sources, we used a new set of abbreviations for parts of speech based on the terms adapted from Br Biggs' work. Most of these have now been replaced by the name of the word class written out in full (just as for the older abbreviations listed above), but again, some will have temporarily escaped the net, so they are listed below. Explanations of what these terms mean are given in the pages on "Meanings of Words and How Words are Classified". [~suffix] (e.g. [~a]) Universals (represented by a passive ending) [S] Stative [num] Numeral [L] Locative [N] Noun [P] Personal [pron.] Personal pronoun [Der.N] Derived noun [def.] Definitive [def.art.] Definite article [pers.art.] Personal article [indef. art.] Indefinite article [loc.prep.] Locative preposition [dir.part.] Directional particles [pre-vb.part.] Pre-posed verbal particle [poss.P] Possessive pronoun. [post.part.] Post-posed particles not included in other groupings. [neg.] Negative particles. [conj.] Conjunctions. [Interj.] Interjections. [comb.] combination of particles [pos.part.] positional particle [loc.comb.] Locative combination [poss.part.] Possessive particle [post-vb.part.] Post-verbal particles [pass.] Passive form [var.] Variant
TE WHAKAPAPA O NGA KUPU / ETYMOLOGY As the editing progresses, information about the whakapapa of words will be included at the end of an entry. In the original database, however, most entries for words incorporated into Maori from other languages had that indicated just before the information about part of speech, either by an abbreviation (e.g. "Eng."), or, for those edited around the time the dictionary first went on-line, by one in angle brackets (as "<E>" in the first example below). Once we get further ahead with the revisions, there will be information about links to earlier stages of the Maori language itself, back to the roots of earlier stages of the Austronesian family of languages, where these are known (as in the second example below). There is more information about this in the file Te Whakapapa o Nga Kupu Maori on this web site. aateha [1] {RH1}<E> [Noun] artist Ko te aateha he tangata toi whakaahua. An artist, is a person who makes pictures. [TWK] peita ü [2] Noun * breast * Kei nga ü o te uwha nga KINAU. The piglets are at the sow's breast. [NGH3] From Austronesian thuthu breast, P-Polynesian huhu nipple, breast eu, titi Note that this second example will eventually be further transformed -- it should start off List of abbreviations used in original database (near beginning of entry) - @ Eng. <E> Derived from an English word.
List of abbreviations used in first major revision (at end of entry) - (See the file Te Whakapapa o Nga Kupu Maori for explanations of what these descriptions mean) @Austro - Proto Austronesian @Malayo-Pn - Proto Malayo-Polynesian @West Pacific - Proto Western Pacific @Oceanic - Proto Oceanic @Poly - Proto Polynesian @NuclearPoly - Proto Nuclear Polynesian @CentralEasternPoly - Proto Central Eastern Polynesian @Tahitic - Proto Tahitic @ Eng - English
SOURCES OF MATERIAL IN TE WAHAPÜ DATABASE This database is a very simple glossary, containing mostly one-word equivalents for the corresponding English or Maori term. It was designed originally in the late 1970s as a list circulated in little xeroxed bulletins to help bilingual schools keep up with new ideas, and to encourage them to work together to develop new vocabulary when this was needed. Later on it took on a life of its own. But the important thing to remember that these are mostly fragments of the meanings of Maori words matched with fragments of meanings of a corresponding English word, and vice versa. So the operating principle ia always kia tüpato. The list is organized in a pattern of Mäori word (Reference) English word. The references, and a few other tohu used, are listed below (00) - Name created by organization [institution] for itself
? - Tentative suggestion only
|
|
|
|
This document has been downloaded from the Taitokerau Sustainable Development Research Group web site - http://www.rakiora.maori.nz. It may be quoted or reproduced provided that acknowledgement is made to the author/s and source. |
|
|
| E-mail kupu@rakiora.maori.nz |